Gas, electric, and infrared dryers promoted higher drying speeds
and reduced capital investments as well as energy consumption.
Alkaline sizing was introduced to provide higher resistance
to liquid penetration, improved strength, stiffness, and
manufacturing economics. This process resulted in the use
of coated cartons for liquid products, such as milk, which
had been dominated by glass for more than 35 years.
IPC student enrollment grew to 73, including 27 Ph.D. candidates.
Improved continuous digesters were first commercialized as
a pulping tool that improved capacity by a factor of 6 and
significantly reduced sulfur (odor) emissions, labor costs,
and capital investments to produce pulp.
A Canadian patent was assigned to J.R. Peckham for his research
on bleaching pulp.
A U.S. patent was assigned to Irwin A. Pearl for his research
on fungicide recovery from cabbage palmetto.
A U.S. patent was assigned to R.P. Whitney, Shu-Tang Han, J.F.
Bakken, and R.B. Kesler for their research on the treatment
of spent sulfite liquor. A U.S. patent was assigned to M.L.
Murray and K. Ward, Jr., for their research on the method
of making pulp.
IPC forest geneticists documented genetic heredity of wood
and fibers and the beneficial impact of selecting and breeding
trees for their pulp and paper properties. Hybrid formers
(Inverform) were commercially introduced in Australia as
the first high-speed, multi-ply machine.
IPC enrollment dropped to 54, and a policy reversal in the
academic program allowed students to be admitted for only the
M.S. degree. Previously, all entering students were expected
to complete the Ph.D. program.
Foils were first introduced to aid in dewatering and improve
machine speeds. Pilot high-speed corrugator. The Louis Calder
Foundation provided a $600,000 donation to IPC for the construction
of a student center and dormitory, named the Louis Calder Center.
W. Wink and R. Van Eperen of IPC developed an improved Zero-Span
Tensile Test. March 1962 IPC developed a fiber load-elongation
recorder for automatic recording of the loadelongating characteristics
of single papermaking fibers.
A U.S. patent was assigned to R.C. McKee of IPC for his research
on the process of impregnating an assembled corrugated container
board. July 1962 More than $216,000 were awarded in scholarships
to each full?time U.S. student at the Institute.
IPC received a second Glidden Company Lectureship in Chemistry
which made it possible to bring an outstanding chemical scientist
for lectures and seminars.
The Ventanip press was first introduced in a South Carolina
mill.
IPC developed a "Compression Strength Formula for Boxes," that
was commonly referred to as the "McKee Formula" and
was the prime ingredient for further boxboard development.
IPC received 5490 visitors over the past year from 22 foreign
countries, including delegations of papermakers and researchers
from Europe and Japan.
The 200th doctoral thesis at IPC was successfully defended
by a student and accepted by the Faculty Thesis Committee.
Dr. Otto Kress, former Institute technical director and faculty
member, donated $50,000 to the Institute for the establishment
of a scholarship fund.
A high-speed motion picture developed in the IPC Container
Section showed the environment within the corrugator to which
corrugating medium is subjected and the interplay between the
medium and various parts of the machine during actual corrugation.
This process was enthusiastically received by industrial groups
in Europe and the United States.
A total of 1194 reprints of IPC staff technical papers were
mailed by the editorial service in response to requests last
year.
A U.S. patent was assigned to F.V.E. Vaurio for his research
on the process of watermarking paper products.
A Canadian patent was assigned to R.C. McKee for his research
on container board.
IPC 1478 filter paper, developed in 1950, was discussed publicly
for the first time at the Executives' Conference. The paper
was used by government agencies to filter radioactive particles
of about 1 micron (40 millionths of an inch) from the atmosphere.
The collected particles provided a basis for the evaluation
of radioactive debris in the atmosphere that may constitute
a biological hazard.
The Louis W. and Maud Hill Family Foundation of St. Paul,
Minnesota, made a grant of approximately $110,000 to The Institute
of Paper Chemistry for fundamental research in forest genetics.
Asten-Hill Manufacturing Company donated $50,000 to the IPC
scholarship fund.
A library of more than 500 chemical compounds derived from
or related to wood was maintained in the lignin chemistry
laboratories of the Institute. The fractionation, isolation,
and identification processes applied to spent liquor, wood,
leaves, roots, bark, and twigs continued to reveal new and
previously unknown chemical compounds.
An instrument developed for the study of paper webs was in
use in IPC's graphic arts laboratories. Among its several new
features was its ability to characterize the dynamic load-elongation
behavior of paper webs.
R. McKee and J. Whitsitt of IPC, conducted research on multiwall
sack performance and the relationship between sack performance
and sack paper properties at 50% relative humidity.
The Landegger Foundation Inc., upon recommendation of Mr. Carl
Landegger made a contribution of $25,000 to IPC's scholarship
fund. A commercial mode of the new Automatic Color-Brightness
Tester developed at IPC was displayed for the first time.
A U.S. patent was assigned to F.V.E. Vaurio for his research
on chemical process of watermarking paper products. Forest
genetics growth chamber developed by grant from Louis and
Maud Hill Foundation.
A U.S. patent was assigned to R.B. Kelser for his research
on coulometric titration.
Markets were developed for new products such as photocopy papers,
paper textiles, and disposable hygienics, while the prepackaging
of foods spurred the growth of pulp molding and the development
of films, hot melts, and other papers intended especially
for this use. Converting was more important, with 5000 converting
plants using nearly three-quarters of U.S. production of
paper and board.
The American Paper and Pulp Association and the National Paperboard
Association merged to form the American Paper Institute. Included
in the merger were a dozen or more semiautononmous paper associations
affiliated with the APRA. The new organization focused on long-term
policy, particularly in the areas of environmental management
and economic forecasts.
The Institute Library continued to provide photocopy services
by annually photocopying 3000 articles from 400 journals,
totaling 22,000 pages of text. A growth chamber was added
to the forest genetics building to supplement the facilities
available for greenhouse and field testing in the IPC tree
improvement program.
The Monsanto Company donated an ultrasonic impedometer to IPC.
The instrument represented a comparatively new technique
for the study of the rheological properties of materials.
Iowa became the second state to initiate research at IPC. Nebraska
also had a cooperative program at the Institute for several
years. The purpose of both programs was to establish new
uses for agricultural products in the paper industry.
A group project titled "Studies of the Sheet Forming
Process" was initiated for a three-year period starting
August 1, 1965, at IPC. A group of 13 member and allied industry
companies cooperated in the project.
An IPC study indicated ' that tree growth rate could be identified
by callus growth rate in tissue culture.
The introduction of dry forming technology was first commercialized
for disposable diaper products.
IPC forest geneticists developed triploid hybrid aspen. The
hybrid trees, created by cross pollination between outstanding
U.S. quaking aspen and tetraploid European aspen, were quickly
recognized and accepted for their rapid growth, longer fibers,
and higher specific gravity.
The method developed at IPC for the measurement of absolute
reflectance was adopted by the National Bureau of Standards.
December 20,1966 A U.S. patent was assigned to B.D. Skofronick
and F.V.E. Vaurio for their research on the chemical watermarking
applied to finished paper.
IPC awarded its 250th Ph.D. and graduated its 400th M.S. student
the following year. A book titled Methods of Wood Chemistry
was authored by B.L. Browning of IPC.
The pulp manufacture's research league stated that there had
been steady improvement in the abatement of pollution from
pulp mills.
7
According to API, the demand for all grades of paper and paperboard
had caught up with supply resulting in astonishing volume
increases and new products.
The United States used 52 million tons of paper during 1966.
Of this, 46.6 million were domestically produced. In 1966,
industry sales were $17 billion, profits were $920 million,
and net worth of the industry was $8.7 billion.
The Inland Container Corporation Foundation of Indianapolis
gave $1 million to IPC for educational purposes.
IPC signed an agreement from U.S. Army Medical Research and
Development Command for research for new chemotherapeutic
agents as a treatment to malaria.
A new instrument, the Continuous Web Straining Device, was
added to the IPC Graphic Arts Laboratories. The device measured
the actual strain imparted to the paper and determined whether
slippage occurred in closed nips. It also contained a shive
counter to detect the number of shives in a roll of paper.
IPC Board of Trustees approved a $5,000,000 development program
that enabled IPC to increase its graduate student enrollment
by one-third; improve the quality of its graduate education
program; improve, extend, and accelerate its research activities;
improve and greatly expand its activities relating to the
collection, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of scientific
and technological information; place its continuing education
program on a yearround schedule; and to carry forward its
long-range programs of education and research which it had
undertaken on behalf of a group of growing industries.
A three-year grant of $119,000 was received from the Louis
W. and Maud Hill Family Foundation of St. Paul, Minnesota.
It supported bask forest genetics research and in particular
a study of the genetic improvement of quaking and bigtooth
aspen.
IPC awarded a record 16 doctorate degrees, marking the 250th
doctorate degree and 387th Master degree conferred by IPC
since 1929.
New alkaline pulping methods announced at TAPPI's 21st Conference
described batch and continuous systems for high?yield kraft.
IPC initiated research on the chemical utilization of southern
pine barks.
J.A. Van den Akker was the first recipient of a newly established
TAPPI Research and Development Award.
IPC forest geneticists identified a new hybrid tree, a cross
between a European poplar and a native bigtooth aspen. At 19
years old, it was 70 feet tall.
IPC acquired an experimental fourdrinier 30 ft long and capable
of operating at speeds of 50 ft per minute.
J.A. Van den Akker, W.A. Wink, and R. Van Eperen of IPC conducted
research on tearing resistance by the in?plane mode of tear
that later replaced Elmendorf tear strength test as an industry
standard.
IPC received a $200,000 gift from the Louis Calder Foundation.
A pilot waste disposal facility using reverse osmosis was installed
at a local paper company for IPC research.
Mrs. Anna Schmierer was the first woman student admitted to
the Institute since its founding in 1929.
Translations of foreign language technical
articles in the Institute's "translation pool" had
risen to about 2100. The pool was designed for the benefit
of member companies.
An apparatus for blistering paper was designed and built in
the Paper Evaluation Section laboratories for use in a study
to explore the blistering of paper during heat?set printing.
Bronze metal forming wires began to commercially be replaced
by plastic mesh fabrics because of improved production speed.
The first commercial use of air drying processes were introduced
and resulted in an increase in absorbency and bulk of tissue
paper by up to 100%.
Research was conducted at IPC on methods for measuring the
moisture content in paper using an infrared radiation gage.
An English patent was assigned to IPC for research on improved
method of treating fibrous material.
IPC developed an instrument for determining the suitability
of papers for adhesive bonding. The Multisheet Absorption
Tester measured the rate of oil absorption on the edge of
a pad of paper.
A Canadian patent was assigned to N.S. Thompson and Ola A.
Kaustinen for their research on oxidative pulping.
Lawson Winton produced triploid aspen trees by a tissue culture
process. It was the first time that a woody plant was produced
by this method. Callus tissue grown from branch segments
of high-quality trees was maintained in artificial nutrient
medium. After receiving growth hormones, the callus grew
leafy shoots that became roots.
A U.S. patent was assigned to H.W. Nelson and C.L. Norton for
their research on method of preventing smelt?water explosions.
IPC's Information Services Division announced a new electronic
information service. Companies and organizations could choose
from a variety of methods for acquiring scientific information
and literature from the Institute.
A new instrument, the Differential Densitometer was developed
by IPC to determine the optical unevenness of paper or printed
matter.
Construction was started at IPC on a new 19,000 sq. ft. Continuing
Education Center.
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